Livestock

Introduction to TEEBAgriFood

The economic environment in which farmers and agricultural policymakers operate today is distorted by significant externalities, both negative and positive. Indeed, most of the largest impacts on the health of humans, ecosystems, agricultural lands, waters, and seas arising from various different types of agricultural and food systems are economically invisible and do not get the attention they deserve from decision-makers. There is therefore a need to evaluate all significant externalities of eco-agri-food systems, to better inform decision-makers in governments, businesses and farms. Furthermore, there is a need to evaluate the eco-agri-food systems complex as a whole, and not as a set of silos.

TEEBAgriFood will seek to develop a comprehensive and universally applicable evaluation framework, which will allow to assess agricultural systems, practices, products and policy scenarios against a comprehensive range of impacts and dependencies along the food value chain.

As one of the first steps of this process, a number of exploratory studies were commissioned in early 2014 in order to assess some of the major “externalities-heavy” agricultural sectors, including: agroforestry, inland fisheries, livestock, palm oil, rice and, later, maize. Their objective was “to assess the visible and invisible values of biodiversity and ecosystems to all types of agricultural systems (inputs) and evaluate the scale, range and degree of both positive and negative externalities of specific agri-business sectors on ecosystems, health and livelihoods (outputs).”

More recently, however, the development of an Evaluation Framework has resulted in a broadening of value-chain coverage from production only (i.e. within ‘farm gate’) to include processing/distribution and consumption. Additionally, certain data limitations and challenges in terms of time forced more limited results than anticipated from these studies.

On the one hand, these studies should not be treated as full applications of the Framework. On the other hand, their findings (although partial) do offer some extremely important insights into the impacts and dependencies of agriculture and food systems that should be considered a fundamental starting point for further research.

The sections below illustrate which “cells” of the Framework have and have not been assessed, as well as whether this was done using quantitative, qualitative or monetary techniques. It is important to mention that this note only focuses on coverage, whereas the report itself (accessible at the end of this document) takes a deep dive into each of the issues as well as presenting important policy, business and research recommendations.

Coverage of the TEEBAgrifood Evaluation Framework in this study

The purpose of this section is to assess how well the Livestock exploratory study aligns with the Framework, and how comprehensively this study has identified and valued the impacts and dependencies of this particular agricultural sector on ecosystems and human wellbeing across all stages of the food value chain.

Annex I presents the TEEBAgriFood Evaluation Framework. The left-hand column (or y-axis) of the framework identifies the visible and invisible impacts and dependencies that can be influenced, both positively and negatively, by different agriculture and food systems. The top row (or x-axis) distinguishes three main stages in the food value chain throughout which these flows should be assessed: production, processing/distribution, and consumption (plus the waste generated at each stage). Each stage is then further sub-divided into categories, e.g. changes to landscape and manufacturing of inputs within the production phase.

The process of filling the cells within this framework depends on the extent to which this study evaluated impacts and dependencies across the food value chain. First, it was determined whether a cell has been sufficiently covered in the study; empty cells indicate non-existent or inadequate coverage. Second, the contents within cells describe specifically which flows were covered by the study. Finally, the difference in shading corresponds to the type of method (monetary, quantitative or qualitative) used by the study for evaluating that flow.

This study on Livestock focused predominantly on the production phase. Within this stage, it concentrated on the site-level within the farm gate, although it should be mentioned that some efforts were made to address impacts beyond the production site. At the landscape level, the study discussed ecosystem regulation and cultural services, and it also evaluated GHG emissions in the infrastructure/manufacturing phase. The processing/distribution stage was not considered within the scope of the study. Finally, the consumption stage reviewed aspects particularly related to health, although the study remains limited in addressing consumer choices. Waste generation was not addressed within any stage across the study.

Further research

As explained in the previous section, further research would be needed to fill the evaluation gaps identified in this study.

For instance, in the production stage, further research shall reveal ways of evaluating impacts that were discussed by the study at the landscape level. Plus, research should also consider habitat condition and quality to provide ecosystem services supporting the sector over time, deforestation, biodiversity loss in land and aquatic ecosystems and degradation of land/water resources. Also, when considering the infrastructure/manufacturing phase, more attention could be paid to e.g. sourcing of inputs and property rights, labour, land rights, built facilities, pollution and GHG emissions. Plus, within the farm gate, additional aspects like e.g. gender and livelihoods shall be considered.

Further, along the processing/distribution stage, dimensions related to energy/biogas production from manure and supply of meat, dairy and other animal products through wholesale, food and beverage and retail outlets should be taken into consideration. For example, transportation and conservation requirements, import/export implications, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as packaging and associated waste.

Finally, during the consumption stage, effects that should be looked at within industries, households and hospitality outlets include food security, consumer choices and culture, health issues derived from high-protein diets, food waste and disposal.

Further research will, therefore, bring about a more comprehensive and holistic assessment of the impacts and dependencies of the Livestock sector on ecosystems and human wellbeing, that can better inform policy and practice aimed to achieve sustainability and social value for the sector.

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• Executive Summary
• Full Study (preview)*: Valuation of livestock eco-agri-food systems: poultry, beef & dairy
• Livestock Study Slideshow Presentation
  
• Bottom-up Methodology. TEEB Animal Husbandry
• Top-down Methodology. TEEB Animal Husbandry

* For a full interactive version of the study, please download the document (14Mb) from the preview menu.